The Case for Redrawing Africa`s Colonial Borders Essay Example For Students

The Case for Redrawing Africa`s Colonial Borders Essay The borders of African nations today reflect the pathology born from aspirate populations living Within boundaries drawn by White colonists in the years between 1880 and 1900. Foreign ministers of fourteen European nations and the United States met at the Berlin residence Of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck for the purpose of establishing ground rules for the future exploitation of Africa. Africans were not invited to the conference in Berlin or made privy to the decisions made there (Geography: Realms, Regions and Concepts 304-305). The Berlin Conference laid the groundwork for the ego. Political map of Africa that we see today, with the domains of the super powers superimposed on the intent. The map of Africa that was created is the direct result of insatiable demand for minerals, markets and greed. Africans problems have been further exacerbated by the influence of missionaries and corporate giants. As Africa regained its independence in the 1 950/5, the legacy of political, ethnic and religious fragmentation could not be eliminated. We will write a custom essay on The Case for Redrawing Africa`s Colonial Borders specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Doffs Africa must be looked at in light of its patterns of artificial states that were created as a result of the original Berlin conference, and subsequently upheld when the Organization of African unity (JIAO) convened in 1963. The AAU decided that sticking with inherited borders promoted stability. Artificial states are those in which the political borders do not coincide with a division of nationalities desired by the people on the ground (Artificial States 2). Agreements between former colonizers have resulted in the creation Of monstrosities in Which religious, ethnic, and linguistics were unified or separated with no concern for the particular interests Of those groups. Eighty percent Of todays African borders follow longitudinal or latitudinal lines (Artificial States 2). It is the belief many scholars that creating ethnically fractured countries, or separating same peoples onto bordering countries through the use of artificial borders is at the root of Africans economic tragedy. The damage done by the creation of artificial states by colonizers is not limited to the continent of Africa; examples are visible around the globe. The Middle East and Iraq are examples of failed states where conflict and economic misery abound in borders left over by former colonizers. These borders bear little resemblance to the natural division Of the peoples in the area and maintaining these borders has been shown over time to perpetuate unrest and disharmony, exulting in civil and tribal war and genocide. The drawing of artificial borders by colonizers caused these problems in four identifiable ways. Initially, they gave territories to one group, ignoring the fact that another group had already claimed that land. The borders that were created split groups of people, either ethnically, religiously or linguistically into different countries which resulted in unrest in the countries that were formed. In some instances, groups that wanted independence were combined to form one nation, and in instances where there were no major ethnic differences, the new nations ere a group of tribes, families or villages that did not have a unified national identity, The result continues to destroy the inhabitants of these African nations. The ongoing crises in such states as Angola, the Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Somalia suggest that colonial mapping has not created a stable basis for nationhood in Africa. The world cannot stand by and watch the continent devour itself as a result of the actions of actions taken by greedy western colonizers more than a century ago. Opponents to the redrawing national borders in Africa fear that redrawing rings additional pain and suffering to the people of Africa. .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .postImageUrl , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:hover , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:visited , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:active { border:0!important; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:active , .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116 .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u335f3b96b5d89554f66033dfde638116:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing on what you have learned about EssaySome would argue that more fighting would result as states vie for land creating more instability. Others believe that with the thousands of ethnic groups in Africa creating a homogeneous state would be impossible without creating a mass Of tiny African nations. Fundamentally, there is also the issue of vivo will pay for the implementation Of new national borders. While there may be costs associated with change, there is also high cost in terms Of human lives lost While maintaining the Status quo- Ethnic violence has killed 1. 0,000 in Rwanda and Burundi (1959-1995) as the result of massacres between Hut and Tutsis tribes. In Eth iopia (1962-1992), tofu million people have died as a result of simultaneous civil wars along with the resulting major famine and dictatorial repression (White). The world cannot stand by and watch the death toll rise, The World should support the choices of the various African nations and people by immediately recognizing the national sovereignty that results from their choice to form their own nation. We have failed to recognize the relative successes that have resulted from secession in Africa, Assimilation, a secessionist action located at the northern tip to Somalia declared independence trot Somalia in While the rest of Somalia has reverted to a lawless haven for international terrorists and pirates, Assimilation President Mohamed Gal has created a working administration and a fragile peace. Despite this success, the United Nations, as well as the America and Europeans nations have all refused to recognize Somalias independence. Swift recognition and support of independence by the rest of the world will help give Assimilation a fighting chance. While the Sudanese struggle with their secession issues, believe their anal choice should both respected, recognized and supported. Nigeria, and the DIR (Congo) might also benefit from redrawing. The model for African success is not universal, or imposed by outsiders. Conflicts that appear ethnic at the outset can be truly territorial at their core. Countries could be framed by the geography of their ethnic make up, their common language or religion. Democracy could flourish in these smaller States, states that would be both more compact and manageable for governance. These nations would still not be small when compared With European nations such as Slovenia or Slovakia. While all conflicts in Africa will not cease with the redrawing of national borders, they will go from being civil wars to interstate conflicts. The international community has much stronger deterrents to handle such country-to-country skirmishes than internal civil wars.

The problem with P.G Essay Example

The problem with P.G Essay Example The problem with P.G Essay The problem with P.G Essay Prince Georges county Is the richest black community In the United States. Being that I grew up in Bowie, the largest city in P. G County, my knowledge of P. G county teenage urban culture is extremely immense. Bowies so-called fake thugs are teenagers with well-paid parents, living in million dollar households and going to exceptional schools, yet they still adopting the ghetto language, attitude, and culture of nearby southern D. C. We have mastered this culture to a T, almost to he point where outsiders could not tell the difference between a private school kid coming from Prince Georges county from a hoodlum coming from the depths of the Inner-city; the parents of whom may have come from none other than surrounding ghettos such as Southern D. C. These people start earning a little bit of money that exceeds their prior means and immediately want to move out of the ghetto and into the first gated community with mansion style homes. Nathan McCall, writer of Faking the funk argues that these people are so worried about living beyond their means ND not concerned enough with helping the people from where they came. My question is, What is the real problem with P. C county, is it the fake thugs, consumed with fitting a popular image or is it the parents from which they came, over consumed with themselves and not with giving back to the community from which they came, or is there even a problem at all? I was born Into a family of dentists. Both of my parents work together owning a dental practice, which has always allowed me to live comfortably. I have never really been exposed to a true ghetto lifestyle and either have any of my friends. However, I have always been hip to the latest slang, lingo, and popular urban fashion. The surrounding neighborhoods of Bowie, those which are not so well off have always referred to the people I grew up around as the fake wannabe thugs of boogie Bowie. However we never intended to appear hard or as hoodlums. Rather we were conforming to our surroundings. Bowie is essentially an upper-middle class city dropped In the middle of many lower class cities. With such a strong urban Influence around the teenagers of Bowie, how can we not be expected to adopt some of the culture? Its a look that we admire, we have always valued a touch of flashiness amidst a hood style outfit that may sometimes look threatening. Appearing hard is merely an affect that comes with the outfit. Unless style Is a crime, can the way we as teenagers choose to dress In our free time be justifiably looked down upon? Some, not all, of these fake thugs have parents who have genuinely lived the life that their children reflect. Many of these parents grew up in neighboring ghettos of D. C. They went to lower class D. C public schools such as Blue and Corpora and happened to catch a break, rise above, go to college, and make enough money to move out of the hood. The moved to neighborhoods such as Londoner, Bowie, and Glendale and bought huge houses for themselves and their families along with beautiful cars and clothes. However, they may be living beyond their means, They gained Just enough money to purchase these items but not enough money to maintain them. They may own houses without furniture or cars they cannot afford to pay the note on. Maybe they should not have been so 1 OFF t really their problem? My opinion is that there is no real problem in Prince Georges county. There is no real reason why Prince Georges County should have to be concerned with conforming to the rest of Americas views of what the black image should be. If the teenagers want to dress like hoodlums, why shouldnt they be able to? It would be more of a problem if they were committing thuggish activity rather than Just appearing like they would do such things. One might say they are misrepresenting the community but at that age is that really a concern and is it really misrepresentation? The parents who have raised the teenagers grew up in the very environment that these styles originated. Maybe these teenagers are expressing the only style and culture theyve ever learned to know which influences the children around them who may have been raised otherwise. Clearly the concern should be diverted to the real criminals of the area. As for the parents of these teenagers, there needs to be options. For those who wish to give back to the community then there should be nothing stopping them, but otherwise, why should it be their priority? If hey came from the same community and were given the exact same opportunity, then why should they be forced to partake in helping those who had the exact same capability of helping themselves? They cant be looked down upon for helping themselves, obviously that got them to where they are today. In conclusion, wannabe thugs in P. G County will forever be present unless its surrounding cities cease to influence it. Teenagers like to be in-sync with the times. If hood style clothing is what is being worn all around them, then they will, by all means, take part in that same looting. In my opinion, there is absolutely nothing wrong with that when its all in good spirits. As far as the parents of these teenagers go, they are doing nothing wrong either. If they dont wish to go back and help the communities they came from, then why should they be forced when the community has not done anything but possibly hurt them? As far as this subject is concerned, the people of P. G County cannot be slandered. Instead of finding the Problem with P. G people should work on perfecting their own African American communities so that we can all prosper.

Land Breeze Definition

Land Breeze Definition A land breeze is a local nighttime and early morning wind that occurs along coasts and blows offshore (from the land out to sea). It arises at sunset when the sea surface is warmer than the adjacent land due to the land cooling off faster and having a lower heat capacity, and continues into the early morning hours until the heating of the day begins. Although commonly associated with ocean shorelines, land breezes can also be experienced near lakes and other large bodies of water. An Overnight and Early Morning Wind Like all winds, land breezes form because of a difference in air pressure and temperature. During the day, the sun will heat land surfaces, but only to a depth of a few inches. At night, water will retain more of its heat than land surfaces. (This is because it has a higher heat capacity than land.) Land breezes usually occur at night. At night, the temperature of the land cools quickly without the insolation from the sun. Heat is rapidly re-radiated back to the surrounding air. The water along the shore will then be warmer than the coastal land, creating a net movement of air from the land surfaces towards the ocean. Why? Well, the movement of the wind is a result of differences in air pressure over the land and the ocean. Warm air is less dense and rises. Cool air is more dense and sinks. As the temperature of the land surfaces cool, the warm air rises and creates a small area of high pressure near the land surface. Since winds blow from areas of high to low pressure, the net movement of air (wind) is from the shore to the sea. Steps to Land Breeze Formation Heres a step-by-step explanation of how land breezes are created. Air temperatures decrease at night.Rising air creates a thermal low at the ocean surface.Cool air collects forming a high-pressure zone above the surface of the ocean.A low-pressure zone forms above the land surface from the rapid loss of heat.A high-pressure zone forms as the cooler land cools the air immediately above the surface.Winds aloft flow from the ocean to the land.Winds at the surface flow from high to low pressure creating a land breeze. Longer Near Summer's End As the summer wears on, the temperature of the sea will slowly rise in comparison to the daily temperature fluctuations of the land, meaning that the land breeze will last longer and longer. Nighttime Thunderstorms If there are sufficient moisture and instability in the atmosphere, land breezes can lead to overnight showers and thunderstorms just offshore. While you might be tempted to take a nighttime beach walk, be sure to follow these lightning safety guidelines to reduce your risk of a lightning strike. Watch your step as well, since storms can stir up and encourage jellyfish to wash ashore! Land breezes are the opposite of sea breezes gentle winds that develop over the ocean and blow onshore, keeping you cool during a scorching hot day on the beach.

2010 Chilean Mining Rescue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2010 Chilean Mining Rescue - Essay Example In 2010, the San Jose mine got bought by the Minera Andes bought 49% of the shares of the company. This was a company owned by Marcelo Kemeny and Alexander Bohn (Scott 56). They diversified the San Jose mine in the production of copper. The two, Marcelo and Alexander, were the ones in charge of the company when the incident happened in 2010. Marcelo was the son of Jorge Kemeny who started Minera Andes in 1957, the company that later took charge of the San Jose mine. The San Jose produced approximately 2,700 kilograms of copper daily in 2010. This was approximately $22,000. The production of gold in the year 2010 was 12,549 ounces. Further, the gold deposits as per 2010 were worth up to a billion dollars. This was the importance of the company to the copper mining industry. The company together with other copper mining companies provided the largest part of the government revenue. With Chile being among the leading producer of copper, the San Jose mine was at the centre of private mining companies that were fast producing copper (Amy et al 4). Until the 2010 incident, the San Jose mining company had been growing in terms of it profit margin. The profit margins had been on an upward trend. Despite the various minor accidents, the company had been able to increase its productivity. The change in ownership of the company, in 2010, helped to further increase its productivity. There was a new management and more capital available for investment. However, the 2010 incident dealt it a significant blow (Franklin 32). In the year ended December 2010, the Minera Andes, which owned 49% of the San Jose mine company, recorded a net income of $ 30.9 million. For the same period in 2009, the company had recorded a $26.8 million income. This indicated a rise of $4.1 million in income. . The company reported an $18.8 million net income in the final quarter of the year. It is worth noting that Minera Andes had bought the 49% shares of San Jose mine in 2010. This

Professional Knowledge and Career Success Research Paper

Professional Knowledge and Career Success - Research Paper Example The organization is known for its FACHE credential which is known all over the world. It provides with different educational programs which help the healthcare professionals to learn more about their field. ACHE organizes different conferences for its members who are health care professionals so that they can learn and share their knowledge. It helps the individuals to know about the latest medical innovations which can prove to be beneficial in practice. The knowledge provided by the organization can prove to be very beneficial for the careers of many health care professionals. The knowledge given in the conferences and educational programs is such that it can be used in practice by the health care professionals. The FACHE credential is recognized as a reputable credential and may give an edge to the health care professional in his way to success. FACHE can help the health care professional to get a job in reputable hospitals where they can further build their reputation. ACHE is he lping health care professionals to do a better job and enlighten them with further knowledge about medicine. It is an organization which is trusted by many and hence if a health care professional gets knowledge from ACHE then it is possible that his career would improve. If an individual achieves the relevant knowledge and information from the organization then it is expected that his career might flourish. The knowledge which the individual would get from ACHE can be applied in real. Latest medical innovations and researches are also presented by the organization which can be used in real life practice by the health care professionals. In other words it would help the individual to apply new methodologies in their practices which would be unknown to the ones who have not gone through the courses of ACHE. Success can instantly be achieved after an individual possesses all the relevant knowledge and literature about medicine through this organization. Career development

The Ageing Population in Mauritius

The Ageing Population in Mauritius Discussions Impact of aging population in Mauritius The first objective of this study aims to provide a thorough understanding of the actual impacts of aging population in Mauritius. Since old people retire from their jobs, the incomes they generate are reduced and thus they have to rely on pensions or insurances. Consequently, the aging population is very often faced with income security and poverty. Among the 80 questionnaires that were distributed, there were 18.5% of the respondents were above 65 years. This was a very significant number and was the second larger percentage after the age group of 20-35 years. Moreover, the Mauritius Statistics forecasts that 20% of the Mauritian population will be above 65 years by 2025. One of the main impacts of an aging population is that it increases the dependency ratio. There are relatively more people claiming pension benefits and less people working to pay taxes. With the ever-growing aging population in Mauritius, it is probable that this will cause problems in the future. Though 14.8% of the respondents still live with their grand-parents and 12.3% of them still help their grand-parents financially, the dependency on the pension benefits do not seem to decrease. Another impact is the increased Government spending on health care and pensions. In UK, the old age pension is currently  £113.10 per pensioners per week (Population Ageing Statistics, Rutherford) as compared to Mauritius, where the pension fund is Rs5, 000 per pensioners per month. Since the percentage of old age is said to increase to up to 25% by 2025, the Government spending will increase even more. Presently, the budget for old age health problems amounts to approximately Rs9.7 billion per year and with a promising and significant growth in the number of old people in the future, Mauritius is likely to face serious budget issues. As such, as demonstrated in table 4.5 in the previous chapter, 56.8% people have that working people should pay a token for the elders’ medical services. This gesture can remove a huge burden from the Government expenditure since people are not prepared to remove old age pension funds even if an alternative, such as building homes for the elder ly with all their required needs, is given to the old people as shown by the majority of people who voted ‘No’ to the suggestion. Moreover, an aging population directs to a shortage of workers in a country. Since the old people retire and live on pension, and there are lesser number of new-borns to eventually work to pay taxes, the country faces a lack of workers. Mauritius is not far behind from a shortage of workers. In this effect, 48.1% of the respondents thought that encouraging Mauritians to reproduce will solve the problem whereas 50.6% of them thought it would be better to hire immigrants to work here. Furthermore, since Mauritius will be putting a higher percentage of income into pension funds in the future, due to the increasing amount of old people, it could reduce the amount of savings available for more productive investments. Thus, leading to lower rates of economic growth. Impact of security budget on aging population The second objective emphasizes on the impact of security budget on aging population. With greater number of old people, comes greater expenses in terms of security. As of now, the Government is spending approximately Rs27.1 billion on social security solely in the year 2015 and as per our research conducted by the questionnaire, 38.3% people feel concern about this amount of expenditure only on social security. 76.5% of the respondents agreed that the well-off should be cut off from pension facilities. This is a considerable idea because the Government is spending way too much money on old people and getting nothing-in terms of finance-in return. Though many people (approximately 75.3% of the respondents) thought that the newly elected Government was right to increase old age pension from Rs3, 600 to R5, 000 in December 2014, a significant percentage (61.7) agreed that it was merely a political technique to gain votes. This increase in the pension fund has resulted in an increase of over 50% in the Government expenditure as compared in 2014. Over 186, 000 people benefit from the universal pension. The National Monetary Fund (IMF) has already sounded the alarm about the aging population of Mauritius that could jeopardize the national pension fund. The financial institution recommends an urgent review of the payment of this social benefit formula. As concluded by a Working Paper of the IMF entitled Pension Reforms in Mauritius; Fair and Fast Balancing Social Protection and Fiscal Sustainability, Mauritius’ old age pension situation is considered unsustainable in the long term. While now it amounts to 5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), funding for different pension schemes should reach 11% in 45 years. The aging population is putting strong pressure on public finances. The number of people over 60 years will be 50% in 2050, whereas they represented 13% of the population in 2013. The result of expenditures on pension benefits, especially the non-contributory pension scheme will be exacerbated (Takoor, Petri, and Martin). If major reforms are not undertaken, the pension funds could cause a shortfall and could eventually be liability for the state especially when 79.0% of the respondents said they are not ready to further sustain the social security financially, besides their contributions in VAT and NPF. Problems faced because of gender in an aging population According to a study made by the UN organisation, women make up a significantly larger share of the older population. This is because women tend to live longer than men and thus rendering them more dependent on health care facilities and pensions schemes provided by their country. In 2014, Mundi calculated the ratio of females to males above 65 years old to be 66, 643: 45, 145 of the total population. The elderly dependency ratio was calculated to be 12.8%. Also, the UN found that older women experience some of the lowest literacy rates in the world. Average levels of illiteracy for women aged 65 or over are as high as 78% in Africa and 53% in Asia, compared to 58% and 29% respectively for men in these regions. This seriously impacts on the lives of the older women, preventing them from accessing health services, securing incomes, and moving out of poverty. Moreover, the fact that women’s life expectancy is greater than men’s means that health problems that increase with age, such as disability, affect a greater number of women worldwide. It is anticipated that the overall prevalence and severity of disability among older women will continue to increase, in line with the growing aging population and the higher proportion of women in the old age groups. For example, older women are more likely to suffer from blindness than older men, especially in low-income countries where 44% of cases are caused by cataracts. The greater the number of older women, the greater is the dependency on health care services. Furthermore, despite increased awareness of abuse, discrimination, and violence against women, concerns over the situation of older women have largely been ignored. Data on violence against women over the age of 60 is severely limited and research focusing on abuse of older women tends to be confined to developed countries and based on small sample sizes. Impact of sustainability on the level of protection of the old age The challenge for the future is â€Å"to ensure that people everywhere can grow old with security and dignity and that they can continue to participate in social life as citizens with full rights†. At the same time â€Å"the rights of old people should not be incompatible with those of other groups, and reciprocal intergenerational relations should be encouraged.†(United Nations, World Population Ageing 1950-2050, Population Division) Social protection of the old age approach has addressed the multiple interlinked global challenges of poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, and economic equity, and gender equality, equitable distribution of resources, human rights, and inequality. In Mauritius, though about 50% of old people do not take public transport, the latter is still free for people above 60 years old. However, about 21.0% find that this system should be abolished. Basic income security for people in old age is considered as necessary to avoid poverty among the old age. However, approximately 49.4% of Mauritians find that Rs5, 000 is a risk factor to the life of the elders. This amount of money is considered to be too much and can put the life of the elders at stake. Conclusion This chapter has discussed the various objectives of the research work together with the data that was obtained and calculated in the previous chapter, data analysis. As shown, some data obtained were in line with the objectives of this study. The next chapter will talk about the proposed recommendations. Recommendations and Conclusion Introduction In this chapter we will propose a list of recommendations of how the impacts of aging population can be minimised. We will also recommend ways in which the security budget can be controlled, how gender equality and equity can be ensured, and how to ensure a sustainability in the aging population of Mauritius. Housing for seniors: Elder friendly housing Specific measures can be taken to facilitate the development of retirement housing by the private sector, in particular, varying the length of land leases to lower land costs, to facilitate elders’ needs in terms of housing. Also, through a review of the Code on Barrier-Free Accessibility, the Government can consider introducing guidelines for the provision of accessibility and safety features in the homes for the elder people so that they have a more elder-friendly environment to live in. in this way, the elders will more likely have a healthy lifestyle and thus lessening the health expenditure for the Government. Stretching the workforce and working hours The participation rates of women and elderly people in the workforce should be increased to ensure more contribution is being brought economically to Mauritius. According to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 49% of the people aged between 60 to 64 years old in USA are still gainfully employed. There are many ways in which a higher participation of the ‘young’ seniors (aged between 60 and 65) can be achieved. Among them, the most important are to correct the inducement of early retirement, reduce the period of entitlement to unemployment benefits, and eliminate high severance payment, extensive job dismissal protection as well as seniority principles. Also, by implementing new child-minding arrangements and more creative working time models and speeding up organisational reforms, the participation of women within the workforce can be increased. Additionally, the annual working and/or average weekly times can also be increased such that fewer workers have to work for more hours in order to compensate for a negative demographic effect on potential growth. Thus, a higher share of women will be put in the workforce and a greater number of part-time jobs will be switched to full-time positions. It will also require an increase in collectively agreed weekly working times. Migration Immigration can help to slow down the process of aging and shrinking of the population and mitigate its negative economic consequences. The younger, more flexible and better qualified the population, the more favourable the outcome will be. Mauritius should promote migration and set suitable migration policies where the policies do not only stop at identifying suitable immigrants but also help them integrate well into the society. It is also very important for Mauritius to promote harmonious race relations-which is not very difficult, considering the fact that we are ourselves a multi-racial nation. Better use of existing resources and adoption of new technologies. We can help people to stay active, healthy and autonomous by building age-friendly cities and â€Å"smart homes† that deploy a range of monitoring and supportive devices to help older people manage life more effectively. We can re-engineer health systems to focus on disease prevention and early screening, rather than on expensive intervention. With these measures, we will contribute to creating better quality lives for older people: lives that are also inclusive and sustainable. Preventing falls strategies Given the magnitude of this public health problem, policymakers should elevate falls prevention as a priority and support policies and programs that aim to reduce risk factors among older adult populations. This may be accomplished in multiple ways. For instance, increased funding may be provided to Area Agencies on aging for broader implementation of community-based falls prevention programs. Certain falls prevention strategies, such as home safety assessments, could also be integrated into existing senior outreach services and programs, such as Meals on Wheels. Enhance opportunities for physical activities among older adults It is recommended that policymakers enhance the opportunities for physical activity among the elders. Especially, they should implement policies and targeted strategies that support active living for seniors. This involves identifying and addressing the barriers that currently prevent seniors from participating in physical activities, ramping up education and outreach efforts, and promoting community-based programs that incorporate strength, endurance, balance, flexibility training programs. Some communities for elders offer other social benefits, such as peer interaction and support. This should be put into practice by all the communities for the elderly. Additionally, policymakers should support a broad continuum of programs, ranging from low to high intensity levels, available to people of all abilities, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds. 6.7 Additional benefits for additional years worked Some countries offer financial incentives to workers who keep on working even though they have reached their retirement age. Normally, the incentives are calculated on the basis of contribution period, for example, an additional day, month, quarter, or year worked after the retirement age. They can come be in the form of a single bonus payment or a percentage increase in the final pension. If Mauritius were to adopt this system, it will ensure more people working and thus more people paying the taxes. Encourage employers to retain and recruit older workers The Government should encourage employers to retain and recruit older workers. One way in which this can be achieved is for the Government to directly contribute to the consts of employing older workers (Gineste, 2012). Reducing unemployment benefits for older people Reducing unemployment benefits and lowering pensions could be an incentive to work longer. If the elders have lower pensions and reduced unemployment benefits, they will be more keen to work for longer periods of time so that they achieve a more satisfying and comfortable lifestyle for the time when they are not able to work at all. 6.10 Conclusion This research work has tried to highlight the impacts of the aging population and appraise what is being done the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity, and Reform Institutions to bring about a sustainable development in the aging population of Mauritius. With the decrease in fertility and mortality rates, life expectancy at birth has increased drastically. And despite this rapid aging population, it can be said that the Government, along with the concerned institutions, are striving to keep the population an economically productive and healthy one. To conclude we have also tried to formulate some suggestions which can be implemented in order to ensure that the aging population process stays in control and that Mauritius does not suffer or at least suffers the minimum impact of such a population.

An Ideal Hero: Greek vs. Roman

EvansHUM 2210 REVIEW SHEET EXAM 1 LISTS 1. Features that identify a society as â€Å"civilized†a. Agriculture (irrigation) and breeding of animals = surplus food (goats, peig, cattle, sheep). Wheat, barley, rice, and maize. (Sci&Tech- polish stone tools. Ex: stone sickles)b. Cities: large apartment settlements= standard architecture & surplus manpowerc. Writing (â€Å"gifts of the gods†)= records. Pictograph, ideogram, cuneiform.d. Institutions for centralized & inherited power . – Priesthood for centralized sacred ritual – Kingship for centralized political and social structure (Paraoh= kings in Egypt) .2. Geographical areas of early civilizations (Attached) 3. Ages of early Greek mythology to Ovid ( Poet of Metamorphoses)a. Origin of humans: sacred clay (wise and rulers) blood of titans (murderous and criminals), and stones(endurance)b. 4 ages as decline: Golden (peace), Silver (seasons &farming), Bronze (war), Iron (mining, deforestation, crime).4. Dominant and alternate cultural themes in the Iliad Audience: upper-class men Purpose: cultural propaganda.Greek Heros= models of courage & skill to men (what to be) & women (what to look for- sense of security). a. Dominant Theme: warrior code of personal honor and glory b. Contrasting themes: Family principle, simple country life vs. war, admiration of enemies. 5. Literary works by Homer Blind poet Homer – represents the culmination of a long and vigorous tradition in which oral recitation—possibly to instrumental accompaniment—was a popular kind of entertainment. Iliad, Odyssey.6. Major column types in Greek architecture (know the parts) a. Doric: Plan projects streng th, power. Useful for king or state intimidate?Temple to powerful gods. b. Ionic: elegant, sophisticated. Useful for gods and people of wisdom. Libraries. c. Corinthian: more sophisticated. Projects wealth and power that comes with it. Useful to imperial Rome to intimidate and amaze. Makes the emperor or state look all powerful, even if they aren’t! [pic]7. Major parts of architectural buildings on the Acropolis of Athens (City on the hills. Ex: Propyleia & Parthenon) a. Propylaia: Monumental entrance as the gate/threshold into the sacred hill. b. Athena Nike: shrine to Athena as goddess of victory. Guardian of the hill. c. Parthenon (the Virgin) East Pediment (front): birth of Athena. Born from the head of Zeus= intuition. Feminine principle of wisdom, sacred bird is the one. – West Pediment (back): Competition between Athena & Poseidon for Athens. Ancestors chose Athen’s gift for the olive tree= they preferred to war. Athenians all sheer this wisdom and desire for peace. – The metopes (framed carvings on each side): the victories over the Amazons, centaurs, giants, and Trojans/Persians = justice prevails over brute force, aggression.8. Major philosophers of the Greek Classical and Hellenistic periods Greek Classical: a. Moral: Socrates Dialectic Method= critical approach. Question & answer search for â€Å"Truth† – â€Å"Knowledge is virtue† & â€Å"to know the good is to do the good. † – â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living† – â€Å"Produced skeptics (only believe what is absolutely certain) & agnostics (don’t believe what is not known for certain). b. Social: Plato – Student of Socrates; Founded Academy in Athens, 387 B. C. – Theory of Forms: where is â€Å"Truth†: uncanning, state Level 4: Knowledge= certainties Level 3: Thinking= math geometry abstracts Lower Levels: Opinions Level 2: Beliefs (â€Å"Material world is true gone. ) Level 1: I maginings (â€Å"Images [art] = reality) – Allegory of the Cave. Truth is painful. c. Logic: Aristotle – Student of Plato, founded school in Athens, 335 B. C. – Organized natural sciences into biology, zoology, botany – Theory of Universals: Inductive Science: Universals discovered from particulars, therefore studying the material world can (only) produce universals/ absolutes. Plato’s dualism devalued study of material world. – Deductive/Formal Logic for ethics and science Hellenistic: a. Epicuranism – Founder: Epicurus (341-271 B. C. ) Atomist: all matter made up of atoms so all forms are random; no controls – No afterlife: death= end; no judgment – Absolute free will: each creates own destiny; absolute individuality – Goal of life: Pleasure (hedone> hedonism) *individual pleasure -> society would crush Pleasure: absence of pain. Pain < unsatisfied desires. Minimal desires > Peace & pleasure; harmony = agreemen t between desires and fulfillment. Life of Moderation (Ex: credit card vs. cash budget). b. Stoicism *Resistance cause pain, learn to live the Stoic life. – Founder: Zeno (334-262 B. C. ) Social Logos (=Heraclitus): All natural and society controlled by reason. The destiny of one is the FOR THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE. Happiness < accepting one’s destiny. – Suffering < resisting predestined life – Stoic Goal: Evenness, dispassionate= no joy in success, no sorrow in failure. – Brotherhood of Man: Logos Lives in everything and everyone as fire DEFINITION (know the basic meaning or reference of each term) -Polytheism/monotheism: the belief in many gods/ the belief in only one god. – Post & lintel: the simplest form or architectural construction, consisting of vertical members (posts) and supporting horizontals (lintels). Caste System: a rigid social stratification in India based on differences in wealth, rank, or occupation. – Muse/muses: musi c – Ziggurat: a terraced tower of rubble and brick that served ancient Mesopotamians as a temple-shrine. – Pharaoh: title of Egyptian king. – Dialectic: question-and- answer style (Socrates) – Animism: the belief that the forces of nature are inhibited by spirits. – Homeopathic: power infused based on likeness or imitation. *exaggerates sometime. – Hellenistic: followed by the Classical era; the blending of Greek, African, and Asian cultures. – Pantheism: the belief that a divine spirit pervades all things in universe. Contagion: power transferred by contact. – Stoic Logos: Seminal Reason, through which all things came to be, by which all things were ordered, and to which all things returned. – Myth: story form (poetry) vs. philosophy or scientific explanation; typically involving gods and ancestors with supernatural power. Purpose: to order universe and society. – Ethnocentric: the belief in the inherent superior ity of one's own ethnic group or culture. – Epicureanism: Happiness depending on avoiding all forms of physical excess; valued plain living and the perfect union of body and mind.Gods played no part in human life, and death was nothing more than the rearrangement of atoms which the body and all of nature consist. – Covenant: contract; the bod between the Hebrew people and their god. – Yin/Yang: the principle, which ancient Chinese emperors called â€Å"the foundation of the entire universe,† interprets all nature as the dynamic product of two interacting cosmic forces, or modes of energy, commonly configured as twin interpenetrating shapes enclosed within a circle. Yang- male principle: lightness, hardness, brightness, warmth, and the sun. Ying- female principle: darkness, softness, moisture, coolness, the earth. Metope: the square panel between the beam ends under the roof of a structure. – Plato’s Theory of Forms:where is â€Å"Truth†? Above: perfect world of forms: originals, absolute, uncanning state. Below: imperfect world of matter: copies, changing, opinions. – Ideal tragedy: hero’s life changes from fortune to misfortune due to intellectual error. – Pediment: the triangular space forming the gable of a two-pitched roof in Classical architecture; any similar triangular form found over a portico, door, or window. – Epic History: a long narrative poem that recounts the deeds of a legendary or historical hero in his quest for meaning or identity.IDENTIFICATION: Know who or what each refers to -Venus Figurines: sympathetic & contagious magic for fertility of nature and humans. -Stone Henge: sacred space; limitation of celestial world? Sun and moon for their fertility power? -Parthenon: the outstanding architectural achievement of Golden Age Athens -Gate of Ishtar: one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon (main entrance), was built during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar II (604- 562 BC), after he burned Jerusalem. Starting point for Nebuchadnezzar II, after he bought the kingdom of Judah to an end; he wants to beautify the capital. Achilles: Achaean (Greek) hero of the Trojan War, the central character and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad. -Plato: Wrote the famous treatise, Republic. Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens. -Hammurapi: sixth king of Babylon, known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. -Athena: goddess of wisdom and war. -Sophocles: second of the great tragedians, developed his plots through the actions of the characters.He modified the ceremonial formality of earlier Greek tragedies by individualizing the characters and introducing moments of great psychological intimacy. Antigone -Confucius : Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Au tumn Period of Chinese history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. -Zeus: the powerful sky god. -Epicurus: Greek thinker who advocated Epicuranism. -Moses: the leader who led the Hebrews across the Red Sea. -Antigone: A tragic play wrote by Sophocles.Proceed from the last phase of the history of Thebes. The play deals with many issues: duty to family (generation) vs. duty to state/law; female willpower vs. male authority (gender) -Homer: poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey -Aristotle: Student of Plato, Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics. -Zeno: Founder of Stoicism. MAP (be able to match the culture with its geography) 2. Nile r. / Jerusalem/Egypt 3. Euphrates r. / Tigris r. Persia /Babylon/ Mesopotamia 4. Olympus /Athens/ Aegean Sea/ Greece [pic]